Beyond the Seas Routes, Traders and Narratives of Macau and the South China Sea Edited by Arianna Magnani Elisabetta Colla 浜.門大學 UNIVERSIDADE DE MACAU UNIVERSITY OF MACAU Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, I.R EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E INOVAÇÃO
Beyond the Seas Routes, Traders and Narratives of Macau and the South China Sea Edited by Arianna Magnani Elisabetta Colla 滇門大学 UNIVERSIDADE DE MACAU UNIVERSITY OF MACAU Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, LP. EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E INOVAÇÃO
Title Beyond the Seas: Routes, Traders and Narratives of Macau and the South China Sea Editors Arianna Magnani and Elisabetta Colla Series Historical Studies Coordination Carmen Amado Mendes and Isabel Murta Pina Published by Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau, I.P. Rua da Junqueira, 30 1300-343 Lisboa - Portugal www.cccm.gov.pt | geral@cccm.gov.pt Tel. (+351)213 617 570 Universidade de Macau Avenida da Universidade, Taipa Macau - China www.um.edu.mo | info@um.edu.mo Tel. (+853) 8822 8833 Printed by Editorial do Ministério da Educação e Ciência Print run: 350 copies Cover illustration A detail from the "Insulae Moluccae^^ map from 1592 by Petrus Plancius, sourced from Wikimedia Commons. Lisbon 2025 ISBN: 978-972-8586-72-0 Legal deposit: 549 757/25 © All rights reserved.
Contents NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 7 INTRODUCTION 9 PART 1: AROUND AND ABOUT SOUTH CHINA SEA 15 SECTION 1. Charting Waters: Nautical Routes and Ports in South China Sea Voyages 17 CHAPTER I RODERICH PTAK The Melaka guanchang and the guanyu in the Singapore-Riau-Lingga Region: Their Possible Features and Functions in Zheng He's Time 18 CHAPTER II RALPH KAUZ AND DAI QI 代琦 At the Furthest End of the "Nanhai”： Some Final (?) Remarks on Hormuz, with Additional Notes on the Name Elements jia and zhen in Chinese Toponyms Related to the Maritime Locations 54 CHAPTER III ELKE PAPELITZKY Sailing to and around the Philippines: Analysing Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century Chinese Rutters and Other Geographical Sources 76 SECTION 2. Navigating Markets: Interests and Products in the South China Sea 98 CHAPTER IV MARÍLIA DOS SANTOS LOPES Rarities in the Maritime Exchange across the South China Sea: Caspar Schmalkalden^ Travei Writing 99 CHAPTER V LI QINGXIN 李庆新 AND SHEN BIN 申斌 An Outline of China's Export Porcelain Industry and Foreign Trade from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries 111
CHAPTER VI RUI MANUEL LOUREIRO Trade Routes, Exotic Commodities and Printing Strategies: Seville as a Centre of Information about East Asia between 1560 and 1580 131 CHAPTER VII ARIANNA MAGNANI Luscious and Alluring Fruits from the East: The South China Sea through the Lens of a Sixteenth-Century Genoese Manuscript 145 PART 2: AROUND AND ABOUT MACAU AND THE DUTCH 181 SECTION 3. Commemorating an Important Victory: Macau and the Dutch in 1622 一 Sources 183 CHAPTER VIII RUI MANUEL LOUREIRO Some Notes on the European Sources about the 1622 Incident in Macau 184 CHAPTER IX ROGÉRIO M. PUGA Early English Interests in China and Japan, the Fleet of Defence (1619-1622) and the 1622 Dutch Attack on Macau 197 CHAPTER X ELISABETTA COLLA "The Battle of Macau in 1622" in the light of the Report by the Dominican Friar Álvaro (António) do Rosário 219 SECTION 4. The Luso-Dutch Clash: Its Possible Consequences and Perceptions in Later Periods 245 CHAPTER XI RODERICH PTAK Imagining a Dutch Victory in 1622: Its Possible Impact on the History of Sino-European Relations and the Far East 246
CHAPTER XII JIN GUOPING 金国平 A Study of the Inscription Referring to the "Annihilation of Red-Haired Barbarians^^ in 1622, preserved at the Hongshan Temple on Amoy Island 270 CHAPTER XIII TEREZA SENA Survey of a Date: On the Construction and Fixation of the Portuguese Memory(ies) of "the 24th of June" 283
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ARIANNA MAGNANI Arianna Magnani obtained her PhD from the University of Venice "Ca'Foscari” in 2019; she is currently a researcher in Chinese studies at the University of Enna “Kore," where she leads the 2022 PRIN Project "M.A.R.E.”，a database on Manuscripts and books from Asia Reaching Europe jointly developed by Enna, Pisa, and Salerno Universities. Her research interest focuses on early Europe- China transcultural exchanges, and on the transmission of Chinese texts through the mediation of missionaries during Ming and Qing dynasties. DAI QI代琦 Dai Qi 代琦，born in Hubei Province of China in 1979. Bachelor's degree from Wuhan University in 2002 and Master's degree from Peking University in 2005 (Chinese Modem and Contemporary Literature). Various employments 2005 -2019. Since 2023 PhD student at the Department of Sinology, University of Bonn. Research interests "Cultural and Religious Interaction between Early Modem China and Western Countries". ELISABETTA COLLA Assistant Professor in the Asian Studies graduate programme and the master's programme in Translation at the School ofArts and Humanities ofLisbon University (FLULisboa). PhD candidate - Archaeology and Pre-history programme at the School ofArts and Humanities (Asia-Pacific) - Lisbon University (FLULisboa). She holds a PhD in Studies of Culture (Asia-China) from the School of Human Sciences of the Portuguese Catholic University of Lisbon (FCH-UCP). She also received a master's degree in Asian studies from the School of Human Sciences of Oporto (FLUPorto), a postgraduate degree in Modem Chinese Studies from the Technical University of Lisbon (ISCSP - ULisboa), a master's degree (Laurea) in Oriental Languages and Literatures from ítCa^Foscari^^ University of Venice, and a diploma in Chinese Language and Culture from the former Beijing Languages Institute. She is an integrated member of the Centre for History of the University ofLisbon (CH-ULisboa), the Research Centre for Communication and Culture (UCP), UNIARQ, and EAAA (European Association for Asian Art and Archaeology) and General Secretary of ACN (AsiaCollectionsNetwork)-Europe. 7
ELKE PAPELITZKY Elke Papelitzky obtained her PhD from the University of Salzburg in 2017 and is currently an associate professor of Chinese history at the University of Oslo. She has published extensively on the perception of the world of early modem Japanese and Chinese scholars, particularly in connection with maritime history and the history of mapmaking. She is the author of Writing World History in Late Ming China and the Perception of Maritime Asia (2020) and co-editor of Remapping Z〃e World in East Asia: To^warda GlobalHistory of the (íRicci Maps,} (2024). JIN GUOPING 金国平 Researcher at the Macau Research Institute of Jinan University, Visiting Professor at the Institute of Social and Cultural Studies of the Macau University of Science and Technology and at the Macau Studies Center of the University of Macau. He has a degree in Spanish and Portuguese from the Department of Spanish at Beijing Foreign Studies University and from the Advanced Program in Portuguese Culture and Language at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon. He is a member of the Portuguese Academy of History and was awarded by the Order of Prince Henry the Navigator. He is the author of several books and articles on Macau and the relations between Portugal and China. LI QINGXIN李庆新 Li Qingxin, Ph.D., Researcher of the Institute of History and Sun Yat-sen Studies (Center for Maritime History Studies) at the Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences, Professor at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, President of the Guangdong History Society, President of China Society for Maritime History Studies, initiator and chief editor of the Studies of Maritime History, a member / vice director / director of íurther academic institutions and committees. His main area of research is Chinese maritime history. His major Chinese publications include í6The Overseas Trade System of Ming Dynasty"《明代海外贸易制度》 (Social Sciences Academic Press, 2007), ^Coast area: / Study of the South China Sea Trade and the History of Chinese foreign Relations"《濒海之地：南海贸 易与中外关系史研究》(Zhonghua Book Company, 2010). He also published "Maritime Silk Road" (China Intercontinental Press, 2006) and "Nanhai / and the Maritime Silk Road" (China Intercontinental Press,2010) in English. 8
MARÍLIA DOS SANTOS LOPES Marília dos Santos Lopes teaches History and Culture Studies at Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, and is a sênior researcher in the Research Center for Communication and Culture (CECC). She is a member of the board of the Portuguese Marine Academy. Her work has focused on Travei Literature, intercultural processes, European knowledge transfer and the material turn in Early Modem History. RALPH KAUZ Prof. Dr. Ralph Kauz studied at universities in Germany, China and Iran, did his PhD at Bamberg University and Habilitation at the LMU Munich. Since 2010 he is Professor for Sinology at the University of Bonn. RODERICH PTAK Holds an M.A. from the University of Guelph, Canada; Dr. phil. and habil. degrees in Sinology from the University ofHeidelberg. In 1986, he was appointed temporary Professor of Sinology at Heidelberg; in 1991, Heisenberg scholar, and thereafter Professor ofChinese Studies in Germersheim, University ofMainz. Since 1994, he has been Chair of Chinese Studies at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitãt, Munich. He is the author of many books and articles on Chinese maritime history, Macau history, historical geography, traditional Chinese zoology, and Chinese literature (see www.sinologie.lmu.de). ROGÉRIO M. PUGA Rogério Miguel Puga is Associate Professor in English Studies at Nova University, Lisbon, and researcher with the Centre for English, Translation and Anglo-Portuguese Studies (CETAPS). He is a research fellow at CHAM (Centre for Humanities), Nova University, Lisbon. He is co-editor of the Anglo-Iberian studies series (Peter Lang). RUI MANUEL LOUREIRO Rui Manuel Loureiro holds a PhD in History from the Universidade de Lisboa (1995). He is currently a professor at ISMAT - Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes, in Portimão, Portugal. He is a researcher at CHAM - Centro de 9
Humanidades, a research center at Universidade Nova de Lisboa. And he is also a member of the Academia de Marinha, the Portuguese Navy academic institution. SHEN BIN 申斌 Shen Bin, Ph.D., is an Associate Researcher at the Institute of History and Sun Yat-sen Studies, specifically within the Center of Maritime History Studies, at the Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences. His main area of research is Chinese fiscal history. TEREZA SENA Afíiliated researcher, Xavier Research Center for Memory and Identity, University of Saint Joseph, Macau. ORCID - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7142-3655 10
INTRODUCTION The contributions to this volume are based on two international workshops. The first meeting called ^Commemorating an Important Victory: Macau and the Dutch in 1622" was organized as an online event by the "Konfuzius-Institut München^^, with the assistance of the "Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa”，in July 2022. The second meeting had the title ^Around and About the South China Sea: Ports, Routes and Rarities Involved in Maritime Exchange, c. 1200 - /750”. It was held as a hybrid symposium at the Centro Científico e Cultural de Macau in November 2022 and received generous financial and organizational support from three sides: from the CCCM itself, the "Konfuzius- -Institut an der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitãt Bonn”，and the "Abteilung fur Sinologie^^ of that same university. This explains the division of the present collection into two main parts, namely "Around and about South China Sea” and ^Around and about Macau and the Dutch". Each part is structured into subsections to facilitate detailed exploration of speciíic topics. The first part, edited by Arianna Magnani, provides a panoramic view of the South China Sea from approximately 1200 to 1750. It delineates key ports, trade routes, and commodities involved in maritime exchange, emphasizing the interconnectedness of certain locations and the growing global significance of these waters. In terms of geography, it also looks at some areas beyond the narrow limits of the area conventionally called Nanhai 南海. The second part, edited by Elisabetta Colla, focuses on the global implications of the Luso-Dutch War at Macau, more specifically of the short battle that hit Macau in the summer of 1622. It explores the strategic and economic consequences of this conflict within the Portuguese settlement, its presentation in different sources, its broader geopolitical impact, and its perception in later writing. In the first part, the section "Charting Waters” focuses on navigation and routes. The first chapter, by Roderich Ptak, looks at one of the two main routes connecting South China with Southeast Asia, i.e., the long sailing corridor from Narying via the Zhoushan Islands 舟山群島 to the Melaka region, and from there to the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. This route is detailed on the so- called Zheng He hanghai tu 鄭和航海圖，or Zheng He Map, associated with the famous Ming voyages. Ptak discusses the terms (less likely names) guanyu 11
and guanchang, which appear on the map segments that show Melaka and the Singapore-Riau-Lingga region. In the second chapter, Ralph Kauz and Dai Qi 代 琦 jointly analyze several Chinese toponyms. They mainly deal with Ganmaili (Hormuz) in the Daoyi zhilüe 島夷志略 and a place named Jia Hulumosi 假忽 魯謨斯 on the Zheng He Map. In the third chapter, Elke Papelitzky discusses the routes integrating the Philippines into the East and Southeast Asian trading network. She refers to sailing handbooks and other texts from the Ming and early Qing periods, such as the Shunfeng xiangsong 順風相送 and Haiguo wenjian lu 海國聞見錄，comparing them with Western sources where relevant. The second section, "Navigating Markets”，highlights the economic dimensions and trade dynamics connecting the South China Sea to Europe. In the fourth chapter, Marília dos Santos Lopes focuses on the travei accounts of Caspar Schmalkalden (1616-1673), a German soldier who served the Dutch East índia Company (VOC) between 1642 and 1652. His writings portray the South China Sea as a vital and dynamic market, characterized by the circulation of people, animais, and products, thereby foreshadowing the rise of global maritime exchange. The chapter by Li Qingxin 李庆新 and Shen Bin 申斌 deals with one of China's chief exports: porcelain. It summarizes the production of ceramics and the development of difíerent production techniques as well as essential organizational features associated with this export-oriented industry. In the next chapter, Rui Manuel Loureiro turns to the Iberians and their role in connecting East and West. He highlights the position of Seville between 1560 and 1580, which besides offering exotic products served as a key center for collecting Information about East Asia and international trade routes, and a place where important books were published. Arianna Magnani concludes this section by investigating a Genoese manuscript written between 1588 and 1590 for King Philip II. This text offers the opportunity to reflect on the unfiilfilled ambition of other actors, such as the Genoese Maritime Republic, to involve themselves in market activities around the South China Sea, and the perception of these regions as a globally connected entity. In this context, the circulation of foods receives special attention. The second part of the present book zooms in a specific "episode" that not only changed the history of Macau, but also had a lasting impact on the network of exchanges in the South China Sea. This was the battle over Macau in 1622. The Dutch, supported by their English allies, attacked the city in the summer of that year, hoping to take it away from the Portuguese and to gain permanent access to 12
the markets of China. However, the attack failed; the Dutch sufíered significant losses, they withdrew and turned to the Pescadores and Taiwan instead. The articles in the first section of that part analyze various sources related to the events in and around Macau. Some of these sources, it is well known, provide conflicting news. Rui Manuel Loureiro's contribution, which opens this section, deals with many details and the ways in which they were presented in written records. That is followed by Rogério Miguel Puga's analysis of the early English interests in China and Japan, the so-called the Fleet ofDefence (1619-1622), and the brief war itself. Finally, Elisabetta Colla examines the report by the Dominican Friar Álvaro (António) do Rosário, which is a first-hand witness account of the battle and thus a key source to understanding what was going on. The following section begins with a general article by Roderich Ptak. It pinpoints the importance of this event, wondering what would have happened ifthe Portuguese had not defeated the Dutch in 1622. This hypothetical scenario triggers a thorough discussion of assumed developments and their possible consequences within a Sino-European framework of 'counterfactuar history. There then follow two contributions in Portuguese Language: the study by Jin Guoping 金国平 on a Sino-Dutch "encounter" near Amoy in October 1622. This is based on new epigraphical material and other sources which reveal strong opposition against the Dutch. The final article, by Teresa Sena, is a very long and detailed account that focuses on how the 24th of June, the day of Macau's victory over the Dutch, has been remembered in more recent times, as a key event in Macau?s distant past and an element shaping local identity. While we tried to maintain a consistent format in editing the papers in this volume, we also granted individual authors freedom in certain aspects of their contributions. This includes adding an introductory note at the beginning, classifying sources in the bibliography with a focus on ancient Chinese works where applicable, deciding on the extent of footnotes used, and determining the order of presentation for Chinese texts and their corresponding translations, based on the paper's objectives. In sum, our approach balanced adherence to a consistent format with flexibility in editorial decisions. We are grateful to the CCCM for accepting such an arrangement and hope that readers will be satisfied with it as well. We also thank Dr. Isabel Pina for her usefíil suggestions and strong support, as well as Roderich Ptak, for providing some advice. During the production of this volume, 13
we received editorial assistance from various sides, including Dr. Roger Greatrex; we greatly appreciate his corrections to the English language in this volume. Above all, our thanks go to Professor Dr. Carmen Amado Mendes for putting this work on the scholarly agenda of the CCCM. The concluding remarks will be left to the reader5s own opinion. To wrap up, Macau and the South China Sea are interviewed in an intricate web of histories and lieux de memoire that have reverberated not only at local but also at global scale for centuries. The essays in this volume, apparently scattered as "shells on the shore when the sea of living memory has receded^^ (Nora 1989, 12), are sewed together by an imaginary thread that connects diverse episodes to distant horizons far beyond the thalassographic world. Bibliography Nora, Pierre. 1989. “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de MCmoire." Representations, no. 26: 7-24. https://doi.org/!0.2307/2928520. 14
This volume focuses on interactions within the South China Sea and Macau from approximately 1200 to 1750. It examines maritime contacts in that period, emphasizing their global and complex nature. The volume is divided into two parts: nAround and about South China Sea" and "Around and about Macau and the Dutch", featuring thirteen contributions which explore questions related to historical geography, traditional cartography, nautical conventions, commercial exchange, individual sources, the Luso-Dutch clash in 1622, and its reception in later times. By presenting these diverse perspectives, the volume aims to provide an overview of current research in the field, highlighting the intricate histories and lieux dc mémoire that have significance both locally and globally over centuries. Historical Studies Series ISBN 978-972-8586-72-0 跚III 9 789728“586720">
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